The abrupt transformation from one-party Communist regimes to democratic elections challenges theories of democracy by evolution. This book develops an interactive model of how elites and their supply of parties shape the responses of inexperienced electors. It applies this model to elections since 1990 in ten Central and East European countries that are now members of the European Union, showing what this process means for the institutionalization of party systems and party identification. The book then provides an account of each election's results and the formation and disappearance of parties in these ten countries, as well as a chapter on elections in Russia since 1990.
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