While the refrain is a frequent and important feature of folk singing, little has been written about it. Balkan Refrain: Form and Tradition in European Folk Song describes what a refrain is and how it can be defined in folk and scholarly practice based on musical examples from Serbia, Montenegro, and the Republic of Srpska, while finding general rules applicable to refrains in the songs of other nations. The refrain is presented from musical and linguistic perspectives, and its religious, social, and economical uses are explored.As refrain is so important in songs, special attention is devoted to its role in the development of singing. Dimitrije O. Golemovic examines various forms of refrains and their constructive role in singing, then establishes a terminology based on several characteristics of refrains, such as their role in the song and place within the melopoetic unit. Golemovic takes the view that refrain can be a specific "code" in song that marks its melody, and he supports this with a number of examples, both ancient and more recent. He also discusses the relationship between refrain and movement in songs accompanying dance and the role of refrain in commercializing folk music. Balkan Refrain includes nearly two hundred musical examples, as well as an audio CD of traditional folk songs and examples of newly-composed folk songs.
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